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Unit I: Reproduction
Unit II: Genetics and Evolution
Unit III: Biology and Human Welfare
Unit IV: Biotechnology and its applications
Unit V: Ecology and Environment
I. Reproduction
a. Reproduction in organism:
Reproduction, a characteristic feature of all organisms for continuation of species; Modes of reproduction – Asexual and sexual; Asexual reproduction; Modes- Binary fission, sporulation, budding, gemmule formation, fragmentation; vegetative propagation in plants.
Flower structure; Development of male and female gametophytes; Pollination-types, agencies and examples; Outbreeding devices; Pollen-Pistil interaction; Double fertilization; Post fertilization events Development of endosperm and embryo, Development of seed and formation of fruit; Special mode sapomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of seed and fruit formation.
c. Human Reproduction:
Male and female reproductive systems; Microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; Gametogenesis- spermatogenesis 7 oogenesis; Menstrual cycle; Fertilisation, embryo development up to blastocyst formation, implantation; Pregnancy and placenta formation (Elementary idea); Parturition (Elementary idea); Lactation (Elementary idea).
d: Reproductive health:
Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STD); Birth control- Need and Methods, Contraception and Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP); Amniocentesis; Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (Elementary idea for general awareness).
II. Genetics and Evolution
a. Heredity and Variation:
Mendelian Inheritance; Deviations from Mendelism-Incomplete dominane, Co-dominance, Multiple alleles and Inheritance of blood groups, Pleiotropy; Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; Chromosome theory of inheritance; Chromosomes and genes; Linkage and crossing over.
b. Sex determination:
In humans, birds, honey bee; Sex linked inheritance- Haemophilia, Colour blindness; Mendelian disorders in humans- Thalasemia; Chromosomal disorders in humans- Down’s syndrome, Turner’s and Klinefelter’s syndromes.
c. Molecular Basis of Inheritance:
Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; Structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; Central dogma; Transcription, Genetic code, Translation; Gene expression and regulation- Lac Operon; Genome and human genome project; DNA finger printing.
d. Evolution:
Origin of life; Biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution (Paleontological, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidence); Darwinism, Modern Synthetic theory of Evolution; Mechanism of evolution- Variation (Mutation and Recombination) and Natural Selection with examples, types of natural selection; Gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy-Weinberg’s principle; Adaptive Radiation; Human evolution (in brief).
III. Biology and Human Welfare
a. health and Disease:
Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (Malaria, Filariasis, Ascariasis, Typhoid, Pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm); Basic concepts of immunology- vaccines; Cancer, HIV and AIDS; Adolescence, drug and alcohol abuse.
b. Improvement in food production:
i) Plant breeding, tissue culture, single cell protein, Biofortification;
ii) Apiculture and Animal husbandary.
c. Microbes in human welfare:
In household food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers.
IV. Biotechnology and its Applications
a. Principles and process of Biotechnology:
Genetic engineering (Recombinant DNA technology).
b. Application of Biotechnology in health and agriculture:
Human insulin and vaccine production, gene therapy; Genetically modified organisms- Bt crops; Transgenic Animals; Biosafety issues- Biopiracy and patents.
V. Ecology and environment
a. Organisms and environment:
Habitat and niche; Population and ecological adaptations; population interactions-mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism; Population attributes-growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution.
b. Ecosystems:
Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; Energy flow; Pyramids of number, biomass, energy; Nutrient cycling (carbon and phosphorous); Ecological succession; Ecological Services- Carbon fixation; pollination, oxygen release.
c. Biodiversity and its conservation:
Concept of Biodiversity; Patterns of Biodiversity; Importance of Biodiversity; Loss of Biodiversity, conservation; Hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book: Biosphere reserves, National parks and Sanctuaries.
d. Environmental issues:
Air pollution and its control; Water pollution and its control; agrochemicals and their effects; Solid waste management; Radioactive waste management; Greenhouse effect and global warming; Ozone depletion; Deforestation; Any three case studies as success stories addressing environmental issues.
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